# Bible chapter summary 10: the apocryphal/deuterocanonical works

## Additions to canon works

### Prayer of Manasseh (2 Chronicles)

1. Manasseh's prayer while in captivity (2 kings 21:1-18, 2 Chronicles 33:1-9).

### 1 Esdras (Ezra)

3. Three bodyguards of Darius make a wager with Darius about which of three things are stronger: wine, the king, or women and truth, the first gives a speech about wine
4. The second gives a speech about te king, the third gives a speech about women and truth, Darius considers the third named Zerubbabel the wisest, Zerubbabel requests the Hebrew Temple be rebuilt, Zerubbabel gives thanks to God and the Hebrews have a seven day feast

### Esther additions

1:1/11. Mordecai has a apocalyptic dream like Daniel, Mordecai hears of a plot against the king and informs him, Haman determines to kill Mordecai
3:13/12. A copy of the letter sent by Artaxerxes to kill the Jews
4:17/13. Mordecai's and Esther's prayer of petition to God
8:12/14. Esther's preparation and initial interaction with the king including her beauty, his initial rage, and his compassion when she grew faint
10:3/15. Mordecai remembers his dream and praises God

### Daniel additions (Prayer of Azariah and Bel and the Dragon)

3. Azariah (Abednego) prays to God, the three sing worship together to God
14. Cyrus succeeds Astyages as king and Daniel is his honored companion, the king has an idol called Bel who received lots of food every day and the king asked why Daniel didn't worship it, Daniel says he worships the living God, the king asks about how an idol isn't living given how much it eats and Daniel says it's clay covered with bronze, the king is angry and calls the priests of Bel, he challenges them to prove Bel is eating it and either they'll die or Daniel will die, the priests told the king to seal the door with his signet and weren't concerned because they had a hidden compartment to take the food, after the king sets out the food Daniel has his servants bring ashes and they scattered it throughout the temple with only the king seeing it, the priests showed him the next morning and the king was amazed before Daniel stopped him to show the footprints, the king put them to death and gave Bel to Daniel who then destroyed it, the Babylonians revered a great dragon and the king told Daniel to worship him, Daniel asked permission to kill the dragon without assaulting it and the king consented, Daniel made cakes with pitch, fat, and hair and fed them to the dragon and it burst open, the Babylonians conspired against the king and demanded Daniel be handed over or they'd kill him, the king relented and handed Daniel over out of compulsion, they threw Daniel in the lions' den for 6 days and they hadn't been fed, an angel of God told the prophet Habakkuk in Judea to bring food to Daniel, Habakkuk said he didn't know where it was and the angel carried him by his hair to the place, Habakkuk gave Daniel the food and the angel immediately returned Habakkuk to Judea, the king retrieved Daniel on the 7th day and threw the plotters into the den who were instantly eaten

### Psalms

151. I have conquered Goliath

## Standalone canon

### Jubilees

1. God tells Moses to write down everything from creation onward and prophesies what Israel will do
2. God tells Moses to write the complete history of creation starting with the first week, God creates everything in six days, He kept the Sabbath separate from all work including for the angels and blessed it
3. The six days of the second week involved God bringing all the animals to Adam to name, God created woman on the sixth day as a helpmate, Adam finished his first 40 days where he was created and then brought into the Garden of Eden, his wife was brought in on the 80th day, Adam kept the garen with his wife for seven years, the serpent appeared exactly seven years later and tempted the woman and man, God curses them and makes coats for them before exiling them, Adam made an offering to God the day he was exiled, animals from that day on were no longer able to speak, Adam and his wife dwelled in Elda where they were created, Adam called his wife Eve and first had relations with her after the first jubilee
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### Enoch

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### 2 Esdras (Ezra Apocalypse)

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### Tobit

1. Tobit lived righteously in Nineveh, he buried the dead to honor them, the king sought to kill him and he lost everything but his wife and child, his family redeems him with the next king and he returned
2. Tobit's Passover is interrupted by the need to bury a body, Tobit sleeps by the courtyard wall and sparrow droppings render him blind, Tobit's wife earns a living and he suspects her of stealing a goat
3. Tobit's prayer of lamentation, Sarah falsely accused through possession by the demon Asmodeus who killed 7 fiancees before they could consummate with her, Sarah's prayer of lamentation, God sends Raphael to heal Tobit's blindness and bind Asmodeus to allow Tobias' entitlement to marry Sarah, Tobit and Sarah go home
4. Tobit summons Tobias, gives him plenty of wisdom and informs him about money he had stored in Media with Rages in Media
5. To attest his authenticity, Tobias gives Tobit a receipt and to find someone to go with him, Tobias finds Raphael disguised as a man, Tobit verifies Raphael's lineage, Tobias goes with Raphael, Tobias' mother Anna grieves losing her son and Tobit comforts her
6. A fish nearly eats Tobias but Raphael tells him to catch it, then to remove the heart, liver and gallbladder, after eating the fish Raphael informs that smoke from the heart and liver drive away demons and anointing with the gallbladder can cure a certain type of blindness, Raphael recommends Tobias to marry Sarah as well as giving a plan and assuring he has nothing to fear, Tobias falls in love with Sarah
7. Sarah's parents Raguel and Edna receive Tobias, Raguel makes him honor his obligation to marry her, Sarah weeps and Edna comforts her
8. Tobias performs the ceremony and the demon is exorcised to Egypt and bound, Tobias' prayer of gratitude, Raguel had dug a grave but then prays gratitude to God, Raguel blesses Tobias but makes him stay for 14 days
9. Tobias sends Raphael to get Rages in Media to avoid making Tobit worry
10. Tobit counts the days and becomes distressed, Anna says he died but Tobit disagrees, Anna sits in vigil for Tobias, Tobias and Sarah head home against Raguel's preference
11. God blesses Raguel and Edna, Raphael recommends Tobias run ahead with the gall and prepare the house, Anna sees him coming and runs to meet him, Tobias anoints Tobit and heals his blindness, Tobit greets Sarah and the wedding is celebrated for 7 days
12. Tobit and Tobias offer to give Raphael substantial payment for his efforts, Raphael gives glory to God and wisdom to them, Raphael discloses he saw them all, they were alarmed and fell on their faces but Raphael comforts them
13. Tobit's prayer of thanksgiving
14.Tobit grows old and gives final parting words to Tobias and grandsons, Tobit prophesies about Jerusalem and tells Tobias to leave Nineveh

### Judith

1. Nebuchadnezzar recruits soldiers from Israel and other areas but they decline, so he vows to destroy all of them and starts conquering them
2. Nebuchadnezzar appoints Holofernes, who begins to destroy Israel and evokes fear among everyone
3. Pagan leaders surrender to Holofernes and make Nebuchadnezzar their god
4. Israel is very afraid and prepares for war, they cry to God for deliverance
5. Holofernes learns from Achior about the history of Israel, Achior advises they should either find Israel's sin or leave them alone because God will defend them
6. Holofernes becomes angry at Achior and exiles him to Israel to be conquered with the rest, Achior tells Israel about Holofernes and Israel prays to God for help
7. Holofernes sieges Bethulia by cutting off their water supply, the people in the city become discouraged
8. The widow Judith admonishes Bethulia's leadership and tells them to be faithful, Judith prophesies that God will use her to save Israel
9. Judith's prayer to God
10. Judith goes to Holofernes' camp and promises to defect and give secrets that can overthrow Israel, they take her to Holofernes and are captivated by her beauty
11. Judith says that Israel has sinned and she has fled God's wrath due to it, she promises to tell Holofernes when they will next sin to permit Holofernes to attack
12. Holofernes offers Judith food but she declines, Judith stays with them for a while with a routine of going out to pray in the evening, Holofernes invites her to be with him privately and she consents, Holofernes feels immense passion for her and got very drunk
13. Everyone leaves because the party was intense, Judith cuts Holofernes' head off and gives it to her maid, they leave to pray and show Israel his head
14. Judith tells them to place the head outside the gates, then summons Achior in, Judith retells everything that happened, Holofernes' troops become very fearful
15. Nebuchadnezzar's troops flee and Israel seizes the opportunity to slaughter them
16. Judith's psalm, Judith lives peacefully the rest of her life without remarrying until 105, then gives away all her possessions

### Widom of Solomon

1. An encouragement to love righteousness, the ungodly call upon death
2. The ungodly live for the present because they know they'll die soon, the wicked have been led astray
3. The righteous have an eternal hope, the ungodly will be punished, the barren woman and eunuch is more blessed than one engaged in sin
4. Staying celibate for the sake of virtue is better than simply avoiding sin, the cost of wickedness, God protects the righteous by separating them through death from the wicked, the righteous will condemn the wicked after dying, the wicked will have their sins presented in the end
5. The righteous will someday stand in confidence against their persecutors, the righteous will receive a reward from God
6. Kings should seek wisdom, Wisdom comes from God
7. The writer is like any other mortal, the writer's respect for wisdom, a prayer for wisdom, wisdom's nature is God Himself
8. Wisdom orders everything, the writer's love for wisdom, wisdom is critical for rulers
9. A prayer for wisdom
10. A chronology of wisdom from Adam to Moses
11. Wisdom led Israel through the desert, God punished the wicked, God is powerful and merciful
12. God's spirit is in everything, the Canaanites were cursed from the beginning, God is sovereign, God gives lessons to Israel, God's punishment of the Egyptians
13. The foolishness of worshiping nature and idolatry
14. The foolishness of a navigator praying to an idol, the origins and evil of idolatry
15. The benefits of worshiping God and the foolishness of worshiping clay idols and hateful animals
16. The foolishness of worshiping unpleasant animals, disasters strike the ungodly, the Israelites received manna
17. God's judgments are massive and difficult to describe
18. God's light shines on the Israelites, the death of Egypt's firstborn, God stopped annihilation in the desert
19. The ungodly were destroyed in the Red Sea, God guides and protects His people, the punishment of the Egyptians, a new harmony in nature, God is faithful

### Sirach

0. Prologue of encouragement
1. God is truly wise, the fear of the Lord is true wisdom
2. Focus on God and trust Him
3. Honor your parents
4. Be kind to the poor and oppressed, the rewards of wisdom
5. Live rightly
6. Seek a good name, have good friends, the blessings of wisdom
7. Advice for living well, relations with others
8. Have prudence and common sense
9. Advice about women, choose your friends wisely, how rulers behave
10. How rulers govern, the sin of pride, people deserving honor, having humility
11. Appearances are deceptive, be deliberate and cautious, be careful choosing friends
12. Advice about living well, don't trust enemies
13. Choose associates carefully, the rich versus the poor
14. Be careful with your speech and heart, use wealth wisely, the joy of seeking wisdom
15. Wisdom is worth pursuing, don't blame God
16. God's punishment of sinners, God's wisdom seen in creation
17. God made man for his season, a call to repentance
18. The majesty of God, the right spirit for giving to the poor, the need for self-discipline
19. The effects of recklessness, avoid loose talk, wisdom versus shrewdness
20. Silence and speech, paradoxes, inappropriate speech and lying, how to live well
21. The cost of sin, wisdom versus foolishness
22. The idler, having bad children, wisdom versus foolishness, keeping friendships, praying against stumbling
23. Prayer against stumbling, disciplining the tongue, the risks of foul language, sexual sins
24. Wisdom's glory, wisdom and the law
25. Praiseworthy people, extreme evil, a wicked woman's evil
26. The joy of a good wife and a wicked wife's evil contrasted, three tragic things, the temptation of doing business
27. The sins of doing business, tests from life, reward and punishment, varieties of speech, betraying secrets, hypocrisy and punishment, the risks of anger
28. The consequences of anger, the evil tongue
29. Lending and borrowing, guaranteeing debts, home and hospitality
30. Raising children, eating food
31. The right attitude about wealth, table etiquette, self-discipline with alcohol
32. Etiquette at a banquet, God's providence
33. Fearing the Lord is redemption, nature versus mankind, the advantage of independence, the correct treatment of slaves
34. Dreams and divination means nothing, experience is a teacher, fear the Lord, rightly offering sacrifices
35. The law and sacrifices, divine justice
36. A prayer for God's people, discriminating between things
37. False friends, take advice cautiously, wisdom versus shrewdness, moderation and restraint
38. Doctors and health, mourning for the dead, trades and crafts
39. The scribe's activities, a song of praise to God
40. Mankind's unimportance, injustice will not prosper, life's joys, the shame of begging
41. Regarding death, the fate of evil people, wisdom versus foolishness
42. Livign without shame, daughters and fathers, God's works in nature
43. The glory of heavenly objects, the glory of nature
44. Song honoring ancestors including Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob
45. Moses, Aaron, Phinehas
46. Joshua and Caleb, the judges
47. Nathan, David, Solomon, Rehoboam and Jeroboam
48. Elijah, Elisha, Hezekiah, Isaiah
49. Josiah and others, retrospective
50. Simon the son of Onias, a benediction, epilogue
51. Praise to God, poem on wisdom

### Baruch

1. The context of the record, money gathered to send to Jerusalem for offerings to God, enclosed letter with a lamentation
2. Lamentation continued, prayer for deliverance, remembering God's promises
3. A request for deliverance, praising wisdom, God's wisdom is above man's understanding, God gave wisdom to Israel
4. God's wisdom is in His law, Baruch addresses Israel's scattered, Jerusalem addresses its neighbors, Jerusalem addresses Israel's scattered, Baruch addresses Jerusalem
5. A call for hope to Jerusalem
6. A copy of the letter Jeremiah sent to the Babylonians which says that Babylon's gods are dead

### 1 Maccabees

1. When Alexander became king he divided his kingdom and part of it went to Antiochus Epiphanes, at the same time renegade Jews made agreements with Gentiles, Antiochus took Egypt from Ptolemy, Antiochus conquered Jerusalem and looted the Temple, two years later he brought tribute collectors by deception to Judah and then destroyed them, Gentile cults installed in Israel and many faithful Israelites died
2. Mattathias laments Israel's conquest, he destroys an altar and kills multiple people, he vows to destroy the cults and then flees to the hills, many people follow Mattathias but are slaughtered on the Sabbath day, they vowed from then on the fight on the Sabbath and mustered an army, Mattathias' last words
3. Mattathias' son Judas aka Maccabeus took command, Apollonius mustered troops to fight Israel but was defeated by Judas, Seron mustered troops to fight Israel but Judas defeated them while outnumbered, Antiochus was angry but didn't have money to muster troops because he destroyed Israel's laws, Antiochus decided to collect tribute from Persia and gave over half the military to Lysias to destroy Israel with 47,000 soldiers under Dorymenes, Nicanor, and Gorgias, traders who heard of it went to the camp to get Israelite slaves, Judas heard of this and they mobilized and prayed in Mizpah
4. Gorgias made a surprise attack at night with 6,000 troops but Judas was prepared with 3,000 men by daybreak, Judas routed them and killed 3,000 troops, the rest fled and they plundered the camp, the next year Lysias wages his first campaign with 65,000 soldiers and met Judas with 10,000, Judas killed 5,000 of Lysias' men until he withdrew and enlisted mercenaries, Judas goes to Mount Zion and they grieve its destruction, Judas and his men cleanse the Temple including making new vessels and storing away the stones from the altar of burnt offering, they resumed their ceremonies and Judas stationed a garrison to guard it
5. Neighboring nations sought to destroy Israel once they heard the altar was rebuilt, Judas attacked Israel's enemies who were ambushing them, Judas sends Simon with 3,000 men to fight the nations assembling in Gilead and they're destroyed, Judas and his brother Jonathan pushed back against Timothy, Judas destroyed a town in Ephron who wouldn't let him pass through, Joseph and Azariah started going to war independently of Judas but Gorgias routed them, Judas conquers Hebron and Philistia
6. Antiochus tried to conquer Elymais but failed, Antiochus received information that Judah had been routed and the altar was rebuilt, Antiochus' disappointment made him become sick, he instructed Philip to give the throne to his son Antiochus who was renamed Eupator by Lysius, Judas sieges the citadel's garrison, some people complain to Eupator for him to take action, Eupator musters 120,000 soldiers and 32 elephants, they camped against Beth-zur but the Jews fought back, Judas marched to Beth-zechariah opposite Eupator's camp, Eupator musters his troops, Judas defeats 600 of Eupator's forces and an elephant but they had to flee, Eupator camped at Judea and Mount Zion and built siege weapons, there was no food left because it was a sabbatical year and many scattered to their homes, Lysias saw Philip was trying to become king so he arranged a peace agreement with Israel but tears down Mount Zion's fortress before returning to Antioch
7. Demetrius becomes king after killing both Eupator and Lysias, an ambitious man named Alcimus who wanted to be high priest told Demetrius to check out Israel, Demetrius sends Bacchides with Alcimus to attack Israel, they sent messengers but Israel didn't trust them because of their advancing army, a group of scribes sought terms and Alcimus swore an oath but then killed 60 of them, Bacchides killed many men who deserted him and threw them into a pit, Alcimus struggled to stay high priest and gathered many troublemakers under him, Alcimus retreated in the presence of Judas, Demetrius sent Nicanor to destroy the people, Nicanor deceives the people to kidnap Judas but Judas becomes aware and avoids him after their first encounter, Nicanor battles with Judas near Caphar-salama and loses 500 with the rest fleeing to Bethlehem, Nicanor goes to Mount Zion and is greeted peacefully, Nicanor mocks and profanes them and swears an oath that he'll burn up the Temple if he returns safely, the priests ask God to bring revenge on him, Judas prayed for Nicanor's destruction, Nicanor goes to battle and is the first to be killed and the rest flee, Judas' soldiers pursued them for a day while sounding the trumpets, people came out of the villages and flanked them so that they were all killed, the Jews celebrated their victory
8. Judas hears of the Romans and sends Eupolemus and Jason to Rome to seek an alliance with them, Rome responds with an exclusive military and economic support agreement
9. Demetrius sends Bacchides and Alcimus into Judah again with the army's right wing, they killed many people and camped against Jerusalem and then marched to Berea with 22,000 soldiers, Judas was camped in Elasa with 3,000 men but they were frightened by the enemy's size and 2,200 of them quietly fled the camp, Judas was disheartened but still came with the other men to battle, Judas falls in battle after a strong defense, Jonathan succeeds Judas after many renegades and a famine make the situation in Israel worse, Bacchides tries to kill Jonathan and he flees with his brother Simon, Jambri's family betrays Jonathan and Simon by killing John, Jonathan and Simon kill most of Jambri's family and loot them, Bacchides corners Jonathan  at the Jordan River but Jonathan escapes by swimming across it, Bacchides leaves and fortifies Judea, Alcimus orders the Temple's inner court sanctuary walls torn down but it is halted when he is stricken and dies, Bacchides leaves when Alcimus dies for 2 years, lawless people plot to kill Jonathan but their plot is revealed and Jonathan kills about 50 of their leaders, Jonathan withdraws to Bethbasi and fortifies it, Bacchides camps against Bethbasi, Jonathan leaves with a few men and strikes down Odomera, Bacchides is devastated by Jonathan's forces so he kills his advisors and goes home, Jonathan sends ambassadors and they negotiate peace and release prisoners, Jonathan judges Israel
10. Demetrius seeks peace with Jonathan because Alexander Epiphanes had occupied Ptolemais and gave Jonathan a military alliance, Jonathan rebuilds Jerusalem and the foreigners flee, Alexander asks Jonathan to be the high priest of his nation and he consents, Demetrius offers to exempt Israel from paying tribute and commission Jews to be placed in high positions within his kingdom, Demetrius also offers to make the high priest the highest political position in Israel and to pay to rebuild Jerusalem, Jonathan doesn't believe him and refuses, Alexander camps against Demetrius, Alexander makes a marriage alliance with Ptolemy and invites Jonathan, Jonathan receives Alexander's blessing and reinforces his political rule, Demetrius' governor of Coelesyria Apollonius camps against Jamnia and sends a threat to Jonathan, Joanthan enters Joppa with Simon and 10,000 soldiers, Apollonius routs Jonathan with 3,000 men and a 1,000 cavalry ambush but they prevailed
11. Ptolemy invades Syria by stationing garrisons in each town he went to, Ptolemy pulls his a marriage covenant with Alexander and gives it to Demetrius, Ptolemy enters Antioch and puts both crowns on his head and then deposes Alexander, Jonathan plans to siege Israel against Ptolemy's wishes, Jonathan exposes himself to risk and wins favor with Ptolemy by bringing gifts, Jonathan asked for Israel's districts to be free from tribute and Ptolemy consented, Demetrius dismissed all his troops except the foreigners and caused them to hate him, Trypho who supported Alexander saw them complaining and told Alexander's son about Demetrius' actions and for Imalkue to hand Antiochus to him to become king, Jonathan asks for Demetrius to withdraw his troops from Israel to avoid collateral risk and Demetrius consents with the request for 3,000 men, 120,000 people in Antioch want to kill Demetrius and he flees into his palace, the appointed Jews kill 100,000, Demetrius breaks his promise to treat Jonathan well, Trypho seizes power with the discharged troops, Jonathan musters Syrians but Gaza shuts him out, Jonathan hears Demetrius' officers intend to remove him with a large army so he keeps Simon near Beth-zur and went to Gennesaret, Jonathan was overtaken but then prayed and was able to defeat 3,000 of them
12. Jonathan sends letters to Rome and Onias for alliance, Demetrius attempts to attack Jonathan again but change their mind and flee, Simon conquers as far as Joppa and Askalon and stations a garrison at Askalon, Jonathan makes plans to build Jerusalem's walls higher, Trypho tries to capture Jonathan but changes his mind when Jonathan musters 40,000 troops to meet him, Trypho deceives Jonathan to come with 1,000 men to Ptolemais and captures him and the men inside the city, Trypho tries to kill the rest but stops when he sees they'd fight for their lives, the Jews return home and grieve
13. People with Simon hear about Trypho assembling a large army to destroy Judah and they become discouraged, Simon delivers a speech to comfort them and it encourages them, Trypho tries to deceive Simon by saying he's waiting for money owed and Simon's two children to retrieve Jonathan owed but Simon saw through it, Simon sends the money and children anyway to save face, Trypho tries to circle around the country to invade it but Simon marches along opposite him, people in Jerusalem request Trypho send food but a heavy snow fell and he didn't go, Trypho kills Jonathan near Baskama and goes home, Simon builds a monument for his family and buries Jonathan in Modein while Israel laments, Trypho deceives and replaces Antiochus and brings hardship on his land, Simon builds walls around Judah and stockpiles food, Simon requests help from Demetrius and Demetrius stops taxing him, Simon sieges Gaza and the city surrenders, Simon purges the city's idols, Simon regains Jerusalem through their surrender and purges the city's cults, Simon makes that day an official holiday, Simon strengthens Jersualem's fortifications and makes his son John commander of all the forces from Gaza
14. Demetrius assembles forces by going to Media to get help but Arsaces of Media and Persia is able to capture him, Simon's eulogy, Rome and Sparta hear of Jonathan's death and write to Simon to renew their alliance, the people honor Simon with a memorial and as high priest
15. Demetrius' son Antiochus VII sends Simon a letter permitting them to make their own currency and Jerusalem's freedom as well as all debts absolved, Antiochus attacks Dor with 128,000 soldiers, Numenius from Rome appoint Simon as the head of government on their behalf and inform all the nations, Antiochus sieges Dor a second time and blockades Trypho, Simon sends 2,000 soldiers to assist as well as money and equipment but Antiochus becomes estranged from Simon, Antiochus sends Athenobius to ask for either Simon's surrender or his tribute for his warring and attacks, Simon replies that he is only claiming his ancestral land and that the attacks were self-defense but that he'd give a lesser tribute, Athenobius and Antiochus became very angry with this, Trypho flees on a ship to Orthosia and makes Cendebeus commander over the coastal country to camp against Judah but keeps fleeing
16. John reported to Simon what Cendebeus had done, Simon passes authority to his two oldest sons Judas and John, John mustered 20,000 soldiers and camps against Cendebeus in Modein with a wadi between them, the soldiers are afraid to cross the wadi so he crosses it first and they follow him, he arranges the troops and sounds the trumpets, Judas is wounded but John pursues Cendebeus to Kedron, John defeats about 2,000 soldiers total, Abubus son Ptolemy was governor over the Jericho plains and sought to control the region by doing away with Simon and his sons, Abubus' sons received Simon and his sons Mattathias and Judas to deceive them in a small stronghold called Dok he had built, when they were drunk Ptolemy killed them and some of their servants, Ptolemy sends a report to the king asking for reinforcements but someone reported it to John ahead of time and John was about to stop them, the rest is written in the annals of John's high priesthood

### 2 Maccabees

1. A letter to Jews in Egypt encouraging their faithfulness, a letter to Aristobulus, Antiochus was going to destroy Jerusalem but was deceived by Nanea's temple cult priests by promising tremendous wealth as a dowry and then closing the temple on them and throwing stones onto him and his men from above, there was fire for the temple hidden for the Festival of Booths that Nehemiah knew about, they didn't find fire but a thick liquid so Nehemiah ordered them to sprinkle it on the wood, the sun caused the liquid to ignite and everyone marveled, Jonathan led and everyone including Nehemiah responded with a prayer to God, Nehemiah ordered the remaining liquid be poured on large stones, a flame blazed up but went out when the altar's light shone back, the Persian king investigated the account and made the place sacred, Nehemiah called it "nephthar" but most people call it "naphtha"
2. Jeremiah had sealed the tent and ark in a cave at Mount Ararat and others who followed him tried to mark the way but couldn't find it, Jeremiah rebuked them and asserted that the place would remain unknown until God gathered His people together again, there are other records of fire coming down to consume burnt offerings, admonition about celebrating the Feast of Booths, preface regarding the Maccabean revolt about its key details and how it's a difficult undertaking to explain it all
3. Onias was a righteous high priest and observed Jerusalem's laws to where kings blessed the Temple, Simon disagreed with Onias over technicalities in the city market, he went to Apollonius of Tarsus and reported that Jerusalem was overflowing with money the king could acquire, the king sends Heliodorus to take the wealth and he sets out on an alleged inspection of Coelesyria and Phoenicia, he states why he came to the priests once he arrives and asks what's really going on, the high priest explains there's about 600 talents of wealth appointed for the poor and widows and that Simon misstated the facts, Heliodorus still directs the funds be removed and it caused anxiety throughout the city, Heliodorus sees a rider with gold armor and weapons on a magnificent horse and is struck by the horse's hooves and then two glorious men appear and strike him continuously, his men carried him away and he clearly saw God's sovereign power, Heliodorus' friends beg Onias to call on God to save him so he offers sacrifices for his recovery and Heliodorus revives, Heliodorus converts to honor God and gives testimony to the king, Heliodorus advises the king to only send people plotting to destroy the king to attack Israel
4. Simon accuses Onias of inciting Heliodorus, Onias continues doing nothing until Simon's men start murdering people, Onias appeals to the king, when Antiochus Epiphanes succeeds Seleucus Onias' brother Jason gains the high priesthood by promising 440 talents to him as well as 150 more talents for a gymnasium established in Jerusalem, Antiochus agrees and Jason hellenizes Jerusalem, Jason disregards Hebrew obligations to the Romans and sets new customs against the law, his hellenization becomes so strong that the Temple rituals are disrupted by the gymnasium, Jason sends money for a sacrifice to Hercules but the money is instead used for constructing triremes, Jason magnificently celebrates Philometor's coronation, Jason sends Simon's brother Menelaus to send money to the king but Menelaus is able to convince the king to make Menelaus high priest instead, Menelaus is a cruel tyrant and Jason flees to Ammon, Menelaus fails to pay tribute to the king, Sostratus and Menelaus are summoned by the king and they leave Lysimachus and Crates to be the high priest deputy and Cyprian troop commander respectively, Tarsus and Mallus revolt because the cities were given as a present to the king's concubine Antiochis and the king leaves Andronicus as deputy to deal with it, Menelaus sells some stolen gold vessels from the Temple and gives others to Andronicus, Onias publicly exposed him after retreating to Daphne near Antioch, Menelaus urges Andronicus to kill Onias, Andronicus deceives Onias with promises of power and kills him, Jerusalem's Jews and Greeks appeal to Antiochus about Onias' murder and Antiochus is grieved, Antiochus publicly shames Andronicus and then kills him where he had murdered Onias, the people gather against Lysimachus due to many gold vessels stolen from the Temple, Lysimachus attacks them with 3,000 armed men under Auranus, many people fought back and many people died, Menelaus is charged about the incident but offers a bribe to Dorymenes' son Ptolemy to win over Antiochus and Ptolemy changes Antiochus' mind, Menelaus is acquitted and sentences the charging individuals to death, the Tyrians honored their funeral, Menelaus stays in office
5. Antiochus attempts to invade Egypt a second time, Jason sends 1,000 men on a false rumor to take Jerusalem, Jason loses most of the men and is ultimately exiled to Sparta, Antiochus assumes Judea was revoling so he cuts down 80,000 people in 3 days to stop it, Antiochus enters the Temple and takes its wealth including 1,800 talents, Antiochus appoints governors over the Jews including Philip, Andronicus, and Menelaus, as well as 22,000 men under Apollonius to kill all the men and enslave the women and children, Apollonius enters the city as if it were a parade and then turns on them in the city, Judas Maccabeus with ~9 other men avoid this by living in the countryside
6. Antiochus sends an Athenian senator to require Jews to give up their laws and customs, this included renaming the Temple the Temple of Zeus with prostitutes and unholy sacrifices, an example is two women and their babies thrown over the wall for the babies' circumcision, the Jews were required to share in a celebration of Dionysius and were killed if they didn't participate or professed their Judaism, the writer makes it clear that this was God's design to discipline His people and not punish them and that God was still merciful, an old scribe named Eleazar consented to the rack instead of eating pork, his friends offered to deceive everyone by swapping it with acceptable meat but he declined on the principle of the matter as well as showing an example to younger people, his friends turned on him and he asserted his faith before he died
7. Antiochus brutally and publicly persecutes 7 brothers and their mother one at a time, but they stand strong
8. Judas Maccabeus enlists about 6,000 from the villages by asking them to have compassion on the Jews in Jerusalem, God blesses Judas' efforts and the nations can't stop him, he consistently set fire to towns and captured strategic positions and developed a positive reputation, Philip writes to Ptolemy to help Antiochus and Ptolemy appoints 20,000 men of various nations under Nicanor, Nicanor plans to capture and sell Jewish slaves to pay off a 2,000 talent tribute, Judas heard Nicanor's invasion and some people fled while others prepared for the worst, Judas encouraged his 6,000 men to fight nobly in God's name as well as retelling what happened to their ancestors like Sennecherib using 12,000 men to destroy 120,000 Galatians, Judas divides his army into 4 equal divisions under Simon, Joseph, and Jonathan and Eleazar to read scripture, they kill over 9,000 of Nicanor's army and force them to flee and captured their slave-buying money, they pursue for a while but stop because the Sabbath was coming, Judas kills over 20,000 people under Timothy and Bacchides and conquers some very powerful strongholds and lots of plunder they share equally with everyone, they store the weapons in strategic places and send the rest of the plunder to Jerusalem, they kill Timothy's commander and burn people like Callisthenes who set fire to the city gates, Nicanor flees alone to Antioch
9. Antiochus retreats from Persia once the people of Persepolis fight back when he tries to conquer it, he flees to Ecbatana and hears of Nicanor's and Timothy's defeat, he projects his anger of Persia's loss toward the Jews, God strikes him with extreme pain in his bowels as soon as he stops speaking against Israel, he continues facing physical issues but orders his charioteer to go faster and falls out, his body swarms with worms while still alive and smelled bad enough to make the soldiers recoil in disgust, nobody carries him because of the stench and he says that no man should think themselves equal with Him, Antiochus declares Israel is free and promises to become a Jew but God doesn't relent Antiochus writes a letter of goodwill to Jerusalem, Philip takes his body home and withdraws to Ptolemy Philometor in Egypt out of fear of Antiochus' son
10. Judas recovers the temple and city and tears down the pagan altars, the Temple rituals are restored after 2 years' lapse, they ask forgiveness and for discipline over exile if they sin again, they established a celebration on the 25th day of Chislev, Antiochus Eupator takes over Antiochus' throne, he appoints Lysias and Protarchos, Ptolemy tries to maintain peace with the Jews and is accused by Eupator for it, Ptolemy ends his life because he is called a traitor, Georgias becomes governor and maintains mercenaries to constantly attack the Jews, the Idumeans harrass the Jews and recruit the Gentiles banished from Jerusalem, Judas rushes to the Idumean strongholds and possess them by killing 20,000 of them, Judas leaves his brothers to attack 9,000 soldiers in two very strong towers, along the way some of the soldiers took bribes from the people in the towers and slipped away, Judas accuses them of selling their people for money, he then kills the men and captures the towers, Timothy gathers a huge mercenary force with cavalry to take Judea, Maccabeus prays heavily to God for protection, five horsemen with holden bridles lead the Jews when the battle becomes fierce, two of them shield Judas from being wounded and they shower arrows and thunderbolts on Timothy's forces, 20,600 soldiers and cavalry were slaughtered, Timothy flees to a garrison in Gaza and Judas sieges them for 4 days, on the 5th day 20 of Judas' men storm the wall and cut down everyone they see, others come the same way during the distraction and light the towers on fire, others break open the gates and let in the rest of the soldiers to occupy the city, they kill Timothy with his brother Chaereas and Apollophanes, they thank God for the victory
11. Lysias gathers about 80,000 soldiers and 80 elephants to conquer Israel, he sieges Beth-zur which is about 2.5 miles from Jerusalem, Judas prayed for an angel to save Israel and urges everyone to defend Israel, while they were near Jerusalem a horseman in white with gold weapons appears and assists them to where Lysias has to flee, Lysias asks for fair terms of peace from Antiochus, Antiochus says the Jews should be free to practice their religion
12. Lysias returns to Antiochus and the Jews return to their lives, some governors won't let them live in peace, in Joppa about 200 Jews were deceived to go out on boats by the city's public vote and were subsequently drowned, Judas heard of this and asked God to attack them, Judas set fire to the harbor at night and massacred the people there and then withdrew with the intention to destroy the city itself, he then attacked Jamnia the same way that night when he heard of a similar treatment, Judas resists 5,500 Arabs with God's help and grants a pledge of friendship with them, Judas attacked a well-walled cosmopolitan center called Caspin with God's help to where the nearby lake appeared to run over with blood, Judas came to a stockade called Toubiani and only found a garrison without Timothy, two of Judas' captains Dositeus and Sosipater destroyed the garrison of over 10,000 men, Judas hurried after Timothy who had 122,500 soldiers, Timothy sends the women and children with the baggage to Carnaim because it was hard to siege, Judas strikes fear in Timothy's army, they flee in every direction to cause harm to themselves and Judas takes 30,000 men, Timothy is captured by Dositheus and Sosipater but he deceives them through promising to release many of their captured parents and brothers, Judas marches against Carnaim and Atargatis temple to kill 25,000 people, he marches against a cosmopolitan city Ephron where Lysias lived, the Jews asked for God's help and took the town while killing possibly 25,000 people in it, they traveled to Scythopolis and were treated well and then headed to Jerusalem to celebrate the Festival of Weeks, after Pentecost they hurried against Gorgias who governed Idumea with 3,400 soldiers, some of the Jews fell but one of Bacenor's men Dositheus dragged Gorgias cloak to take him alive but had his arm cut off by the Thracian cavalry, Gorgias escapes to Marisa, Esdris and his men are weary and Judas asks for God's help, his battle cry and hymns surprise Gorgias' troops and they flee, Judas goes to Adullam and they honor the Sabbath there, Judas honors the bodies of the fallen but finds idols in their possession which gave indication on why they had fallen, they bless God as judge and they pray for forgiveness as a people
13. Judas hears that Antiochus Eupator is coming with a large army of 115,600 units and 22 elephants against Judea with Lysias, Menelaus was with them but Lysias sentences him to death after hearing he caused all their troubles, Judas leads everyone to call on God's name and save them, they pray and fast 3 days and become ready, Judas commits his plans to God and pitches his camp near Modein and they kill 2,000 men at night with a special force, Eupator advances against Beth-zur but is repelled, he tries again and is defeated, Rhodocus betrays the Jews by giving information to the enemy and is thrown in prison, Eupator negotiates again with Beth-zur and then withdraws to attack Judas again and is defeated, Eupator hears that Philip has revolted in Antioch so he yields and swears to observe their rights and leaves Hegemonides as governor to leave for Ptolemais, Ptolemais didn't like the treaty and wanted to annul its terms, Lysias convinced them and set out for Antioch
14. Judas hears that Seleucus' son Demetrius took posession of the country from Tripolis harbor and captured Antiochus and Lysias, a former high priest named Alcimus saw he couldn't regain influence so he presented a crown to Demetrius and spoke against Judas, the Jews grieve and pray for God's protection, Nicanor tries to avoid more violence by arranging a conference to create pledges of friendship, Nicanor gives Judas a wife and Judas settles down, Alcimus tells Demetrius that Nicanor is disloyal to the government and demands he imprison Judas, Nicanor is troubled but had to do it anyway, Judas notices his change in disposition and hides from Nicanor, Nicanor demands the priests tell him where he is and promises to destroy the Temple and replace it with a temple to Dionysius when they vow they don't know, the priests pray for deliverance, Nicanor sends 500 soldiers to a Jerusalem elder named Razis and they burn the doors down, Razis first falls on his sword and misses in the conflict and then runs up the wall to throw himself down into the crowd, however they drew back and he fell in the middle of an empty space so he climbs onto a rock while tearing out his entrails and throwing them at the crowd while calling on God to give them back to him again
15. Nicanor plans to attack Judas on the Sabbath against the advice of Jews obligated to follow him, Nicanor seeks to establish a public monument of victory over Judas but Judas still trusted God, Judas encourages the people and relays a dream that Onias appeared and then Jeremiah, Jeremiah gave Judas a golden sword as a gift from God, Judas prays to God as the battle is about to start and asks for an angel to terrorize them, Judas conquers at least 35,000 of Nicanor's men, they found Nicanor dead in his armor, the compiler's epilogue

### 3 Maccabees

1. Philopator marches to the region near Raphia with his sister Arsinoe when hears that Antiochus seized his regions, someone named Theodotus in Philopator's army sought to kill him and end the war, an apostate Jew named Dositheus led the king away and had someone else sleep in his tent and Theodotus killed him, when a fight broke out and it started leaning to Antiochus' favor Arsinoe pleads with tears and a bribe for the troops to intervene, Philopator ultimately succeeds and visits the neighboring cities to encourage them with gifts, Philopater offers a sacrifice to God at the Temple and seeks to enter the holy of holies even against the priests' insistence, the priests entreat God to help and the city laments and prepares to resist
2. the high priest Simon prays for God to protect His sanctuary, God made Ptolemy paralyzed and mute and he was dragged out, Ptolemy recovered after a while and made threats as he left, Ptolemy increased hardship on the Jews when he returned to Egypt by lying about the Jews' actions to the governors, he set a stone on the courtyard tower indicating that Jews had to pay a poll and slave tax or be ut to death, practicing Jews also had to be registered with a brand of Dionysius' ivy leaf symbol and treated as inferior citizens but could become equal citizens if they renounced their faith, some renounced but most of them stayed faithful by bribing their way out of the system
3. Philopator became enraged toward all Jews and commanded they all be gathered to be put to death, the Jews had false rumors spread that they obstructed others from practicing their customs, they kept themselves in good conduct but kept their foods separate, the separate foods and worship had some people think they were prejudiced but they had a good reputation among everyone but were still hated, the Greeks in the city are sympathetic but aren't able to help, Ptolemy writes a letter that orders their destruction with punishments for those harboring them and privileges for those who assist them
4. The decree included a public feast for the Gentiles and the Jews mourned when they hear, the Jews are deported to Alexandria and enclosed in the hippodrome outside the city, anyone who lamented with them is thrown into the hippodrome as well, the king created individual registration to torture them, the king celebrated continuously, after 40 days the scribes said there were too many to take a reliable census and it was an impossible task
5. The king ordered Hermon the elephant-keeper to drug all 500 elephants with frankincense and mixed wine and to drive them in, Hermon did it and returned the next day but the king was deeply asleep, when he woke up others convinced him that it was night-time when he had given the order so he ordered it for the next day, Hermon started moving the elephants early in the morning, the next morning the king utterly forgot his orders, when Hermon and his friends told the king everything was ready he threatened to kill them instead of the Jews, a third time the king orders the same thing but his advisors saw his mental instability and informed him of how it was confusing everyone, the king vows to kill them immediately and would then march against Judea and raze it to the ground as well as destroy the temple, the elephants are stirred up and the Jews cry out at that moment
6. A priest named Eleazar calmed everyone and gave an elaborate prayer that God be glorified and not a king, God sends two angels everyone but the Jews could see, the elephants turned on the armed forces behind them and trampled them, the king accused his friends of treason in weeping, the king ordered a festival of 7 days for the Jews and openly worshiped God with them, The Jews request to return to their homes and the king grants it
7. Ptolemy's letter that indicates an anullment of the previous letter, the Jews request the king hand over to them the people who schemed against them or violated their laws, Ptolemy granted them the right to practice their own laws, the Jews left the city with the king's provisions he gave for them and celebrated their deliverance

### 4 Maccabees

1. The author defining his task, the importance of reason over emotions, reason reigns supreme over emotions because of self-control
2. Reason is why Joseph overcame sexual temptation
3. Reason rules over the body, King David's reasoning prevented him from drinking water that his men risked their lives for, reason will be demonstrated with the story of Seleucus Nicanor trying to take money from the Temple
4. Simon opposed Onias and fled the country with the intent to betray it, Simon went to Apollonius and informed him of treasure that belonged to Seleucus, Apollonius praised Simon for his service and informed Seleucus of it, he was able to get a strong military force to seize the Temple's funds, the people protested but Apollonius went into the temple, angels on horseback with lightning coming from their weapons appeared and Apollonius feel down half-dead and requested the Jews pray for him, Onias prayed against his principles for Apollonius and he was restored and went back to the king, Antiochus Epiphanes succeeded the throne and replaced Onias with Jason as high priest who promised 3,660 talents a year in tribute, Jason violated the law and installed a gymnasium in Jerusalem while abolishing the Temple service, God hated this and caused Antiochus to make war on them through a rumor he heard of his death and how Jerusalem had celebrated immensely, Antiochus issued a decree after plundering them that the Hebrew law's observance was illegal and everyone in the nation was forced to eat unclean foods
5. Antiochus ordered the guards to seize all Hebrews to force them to eat pork and sacrifice to idols, Antiochus asked an elder named Eleazar about how his law had philosophical merit over such a small thing as food, Eleazar responded that it was inherently virtuous to abide by the law for the sake of virtue itself and its merits for self-control as well as that it was established by God, he tells Antiochus to bring the pain as far as he wants because he won't break
6. Eleazar was scourged but unmoved and amazed his torturers, some of the king's friends offered to deceive the king by giving him acceptable meat but Eleazar loudly rebuked them, they continued to torture him to death, this is due to reason over the emotions
7. Eleazar conquered his opponents with reason similarly to Aaron with his censer, reason governs the emotions
8. The young prevail with reason-based philosophy, seven Jewish brothers were able to resist the fear and honor imposed by the king
9. The response of the seven brothers together, the first and second brothers were tortured
10. The third and fourth brothers were tortured
11. The fifth and sixth brothers were tortured
12. The seventh brother is tortured
13. The seven brothers prevailed through their reason over their emotions
14. The seven brothers mastered their emotions of brotherly love, their mother also lived by reason
15. The mother's faith in God was reason over emotion
16. The devoutness of the mother proves that her reason prevailed over her feelings
17. The mother was truly devoted to reason, the effect of their martyrdom empowered the Jews
18. Reason is master of all emotions, the mother's principles she taught to her children

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